How Is John Proctor Presented in the Crucible Essay

The way in which the protagonist, John Proctor, is presented in The Crucible somewhat changes throughout the play. Firstly, he is presented as quite dominant and violent, however as the story progresses, he is presented still as a violent character but a much more likeable one. He is also one to go with his first instincts, and has a lot of pride. These two characteristics are the main factors that lead to Proctors downfall. The first scene in which Proctor is introduced is set in Reverend Parris’ house. Upon entering, the first line he speaks in the play is â€Å"Be you foolish, Mary Warren? Be you deaf? I forbid you to leave the house, did I not?† Mary clearly feels intimidated by Proctor, as even before he speaks she â€Å"leaps with fright†. This suggests that Proctor is an important man in Salem society and that he has a good reputation. On the other hand, when he says â€Å"I am looking for you more often than my cows!† the audience starts to see that Proctor is a rather humorous and charismatic person. As the play progresses however, Proctor becomes less like this and more miserable. This therefore creates a large impact on the audience as they see him quickly change from the way he was at the beginning of the play. The next part of this scene sees Proctor speaking to the antagonist of the play, Abigail Williams. The scene introduces Proctor’s main Hamartia, which is that he cheated on his wife Elizabeth with Abigail. Lots of animal imagery is used in this scene, for example, Abigail uses the phrase â€Å"sweated like a stallion† and Proctor refers to what Abigail said about him as â€Å"a wild thing to say†. This symbolises the fact that Proctor acts on his first impulses is an animalistic manner, the way he acted solely upon his lust for Abigail without giving it any proper thought. As the scene progresses, the affair that Proctor had with Abigail is slowly implied to the audience through the flirtatious dialogue which the two share, and through lines such as â€Å"you know me better†. The audience can therefore establish throughout the scene that Abigail is the antagonist and that the fact that Proctor slept with her will be the cause of his downfall. At the start of act two, Proctor is presented as a man of quite a violent nature, and the audience also starts to see how the relationship between him and his wife, Elizabeth, is failing. As he opens the door and enters, there is a sense of a change of atmosphere in the house as Proctor can be seen â€Å"carrying his gun†. This represents the more aggressive nature of Proctor in contrast to Elizabeth’s more gentle nature, as she is â€Å"softly singing to the children†. This noticeable difference in character between Proctor and his wife starts to inform the audience that their relationship could be quite poor, without the dialogue even starting. The gun could also represent Proctors impulsive nature and his tendency to solve things with violence. In the final scene of The Crucible, Proctor refuses to confess to witchcraft to save his life, as he is much too proud to do so. He yells to Danforth, â€Å"You will not use me!† He would much rather keep his pride and his reputation and therefore be hanged than be used to justify the deaths of other people convicted of witchcraft. At this point in the play, the audience is starting to like Proctor and so the scene is full of suspense as we conclude that Proctor is certainly going to die. After he has refused to confess, he says â€Å"I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor†, suggesting that after all of his sins, this is the only good thing he has done in his life. Proctor therefore goes to his fate, still maintaining his reputation and his pride. In conclusion, John Proctor is presented as a classic example of the protagonist of a tragedy, and also as an allegory for the people who would refuse to confess to being involved in communism, and give up the names of other people involved in communist groups during the time of McCarthyism. He is presented as very proud and instinctive, and he will not go against what he thinks in right, even to save his own life.

Discrimination faced by LGBT Essay

Introduction There have been several anti-gay bills introduced in several states across the country in which some states are against and some are for the bill. We would like to discuss the issues that the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals have faced across the nation by presenting the facts from reliable sources. The issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force will be brought to our attention. We would like to explain how society has identified this group and the legal issues they face. We plan to deal with the social, economic, religious, and governmental aspect of LGBT rights while living in this country and other countries through out the world. Different states have different ideas about the acceptance and rejection of LGBT. We would like to focus on the issues, laws, identities, challenges, opportunities, solution, and discriminatory actions that LGBT individuals encounter through the labor force as well as in society. Issues, Ch allenges, and Opportunities While the LBGT communities continue to face discrimination in the work place, there have been laws set in motion and even passed giving them the equal rights as other citizens of our country. Some LGBT workers have reported some form of harassment and mistreatment on the job across the years, causing a great impact on our nation’s views. The workplace abuses have posed a real and immediate threat to our economic security. We feel that Congress should quickly pass the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) to ensure that all Americans are judged in the workplace, not according to their identity, but rather according to their skills, qualifications, and quality of work they perform. Too many are judged according to their sexual and gender identity rather than their performances. A lady by the name of Dolores Huerta gave a rousing speech back in 2009, at the National Conferences on LGBT equality, urging a change in the labor, race, and LGBT movement for a better future. Within certain areas, there are now laws in  place which prohibits employment discrimination against public and private workers on the basis of their gender identity and sexual orientation; however, until these laws are taken serious, the LGBT workers in state and local government will continue to face un-equality and discrimination on the job. Without certain laws passed, they will be unable to take legal action to protect themselves and their families. Some of the challenges they face are Social Security survivor’s benefits, paid to the same sex life partner of someone who dies, their medical regulations, social insulations, ageism, and hospital visitation with the right to die in the same nursing home of same sex partners. There are tax laws and other regulations of 401Ks and pensions that also discriminate against same sex partners. Today the LGBT now have opportunities in the labor force that allows them to ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ (DADT) which is a policy regarding the LGBT serving in the military. They now have the opportunity for equality as other citizens, academic achievements, benefits of same sex marriages under federal law, equal employment benefits, legal permanent residency, and domestic partnership benefits. â€Å"The increased visibility of LGBT people, combined with more assertive demands for equal rights, has generated considerable legal action. For the past decade, federal, state, and municipal legislators debated changes in legislation that would affect LGBT minorities in almost every aspect of their lives, including violence and harassment, employment and housing discrimination, adoption and child care, domestic partner benefits, and the freedom to marry. In some jurisdictions, the legal changes are widespread; in others, however, there has been little or no change† (Harvey & Allard, 2009, p. 211). How Society Views LGBT Society has discriminated against the LGBT community for a long time, but in most present and recent history acceptance of the LGBT community, they have grown; however, there is still almost complete polarization to how accepted the community is. In a study from the University of Chicago, from 1973, based upon the question of whether or not sexual relations between two adults of the same sex is acceptable, 69.7 percent of the people participating stated it to be completely unacceptable and only 10.7 percent stated it to be completely acceptable (Smith 2011). Where as to the same survey that took place in 2010, 43.5 percent stated homosexual acts to be  unacceptable and 40.6 percent stated homosexual relations to be completely acceptable (Smith 2011). Why has there been such a change? Well, the majority of acceptance comes from younger generations being more socially open, as to older generations who have grown into their own opinions already. Another reason is media as stated here â€Å"as society has become more accepting of gay people, the media has presented increasingly positive images of gays and lesbians, succeeding generations are raised with more tolerant attitudes (Gossett & Lewis 2008)† Politics behind Discrimination against the LGBT Community In a political view, being homosexual has been an extremely large subject that has left the LGBT Community at a constant struggle for equal rights. A major issue the LGBT community faces is the denial of the right to marry and receive the benefits of marriage under state recognition. Due to the balancing of powers that our country is built upon, it is each individual states duty to recognize what it viewed as right or wrong in the state’s community. Unfortunately same-sex marriage has been ban within the vast majority of states within the United States. There are currently only 17 states, which have legalized same-sex marriage (17 States). Same-sex marriage has been a major dispute for ethical righteousness since May 18th, 1970. On that very day two men in Minnesota applied for a marriage license only to be denied the right to marry by the state judge. The two men had come to the decision to sue the judge taking the case all the way up to Supreme Court only to be denied the right to marry. This case â€Å"Baker v. Nelson† has been used since then to block efforts for marriage equality (Gay Marriage). Another obstacle to equality is the adoption law. There are many states that require strict qualifications to adopt, and adoption is currently legal within 21 states and D.C. (Parenting Laws). Under national law there are currently anti-discrimination laws within housing, employment, hate crimes, conjugal visits, and military service. Discrimination toward the gay community is still very present, but it is slowly being diminished by the strong efforts of the gay community Interesting fact: Under FDA policy on blood donations, men who have had sex with other men may not donate blood (U.S. Food and Drug). Existing or Proposed Solutions of Differing Groups The Lesbian Gay Bisexual & Transgender Project (LGBT) works for an America free of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) LGBT Project was created to provide a society where LGBT people can enjoy the constitutional rights of privacy, equality, personal autonomy, and freedom of expression and association (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). The ACLU founded the LGBT project in 1986 with a strategy believing that fighting for society we want not only means changing the viewpoint of judges and government officials, but changing the way society looks at the LGBT community (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). In order to stop discrimination, the ACLU looks to change the law and also convince Americans gender identity and sexual orientation discrimination is wrong. There are five areas at which the ACLU carry out this work: Parenting, Youth and Schools, Basic Rights and Liberties, Relationships and Marriage, and Transgender Discrimination (aclu.org/lbgt-rights). Currently the ACLU presents more LGBT cases and advocacy initiatives than any other national organization. With connections to legislatures and courts in all states, the ACLU is the only organization making progress in both the court of law and public opinion. How Other Countries View the Issue Internationally, the issue of gay marriage can be a taboo topic, and often the endorsement and safeguard of homosexual couples’ rights are repudiated by political and customary pressures. Nonetheless, the legalization of gay marriage is gaining momentum as other countries are setting precedents by actively pursuing the rights of homosexual couples that want to marry by changing laws and widening traditional views. Currently, 15 countries have legitimatized gay marriage; two of those with laws that have not yet been sanctioned (Freedom to Marry, 2013). Gay marriage is legitimate, with all marriage rights comprehensive, in the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, South Africa, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, France, Denmark, and Brazil. New Zealand and Uruguay have legalized gay marriage, but it has yet to become ordained. In addition to these countries, United States and Mexico have only legalized gay marriage and all marriage privileges inclusive, in certain regi ons with many other regions failing to recognize gay marriage (Freedom to Marry, 2013). Moreover, in some nations where gay  marriage is recognized and legalized, homosexual couples who wish to marry must meet the requirements set forth by the country’s government. Spain and the Netherlands require that at least one partner have legal citizenship of their country or become a resident if they wish to marry there (Moore, 2005). In the ongoing international battle to afford same-sex marriages the same rights as traditional marriages, there are countries that fail to recognize gay marriages as they are not accepted as upright or legal, but do lend some protections of a civil union. Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Greenland, Hungary, Ireland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are just a few countries where rights of a union are recognized, but gay marriage is not. Other Countries Attitudes about homosexuality vary. The LGBT has faced discrimination in many other countries. In the Asia-Pacific, the majority of ASEAN nations and East Asian countries feel that homosexuality should be rejected. In neighboring China (the world’s most populous country) more than half of the population rejects it. In India (the second most populous country), the national Supreme Court recently re-instated a law criminalizing same-sex acts. Also, in 38 of 54 countries on the African continent, being gay is a crime. In developing countries throughout the world, homophobia and intolerance is the norm. Even Poland, once part of the former Soviet bloc and now a EU member state, favors rejection. Not very long ago, a law was passed in Russia banning gay propaganda. The law in effect makes it illegal to equate straight and gay relationships, as well as the distribution of material on gay rights. It also introduces fines for individuals and media groups found guilty of breaking the law, as well as special fines for foreigners. More recently, we witnessed the bashing lesbian, gay bi-sexual and transsexual people during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Many found it very disappointing that Russia was chosen as a host county despite the opposition of Russia’s treatment of its LGBT community. Compromise/Solutions Protecting LGBT people from violence and discrimination does not require the creation of a new set of LGBT-specific rights, nor does it require the establishment of new international human rights standards. The legal  obligations of States to safeguard the human rights of LGBT people are well established in international human rights law on the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and subsequently agreed international human rights treaties. All people, irrespective of sex, sexual orientation or gender identity, are entitled to enjoy the protections provided for by international human rights law, including in respect of rights to life, security of person and privacy, the right to be free from torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, the right to be free from discrimination and the right to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly. As of late, there have been many States that have made a determined effort to strengthen human rights protection for LGBT pe ople. An array of new laws have been adopted, including laws banning discrimination, penalizing homophobic hate crimes, granting recognition of same-sex relationships, and making it easier for transgender individuals to obtain official documents that reflect their preferred gender. Conclusion Over the years, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals in the Unites States have been classified in a negative way. This group of individuals has experienced legal issues and challenges because of society’s opinion on how they should live and the rights that they should have. Unfortunately, LGBT not only faces challenges in the United States, but across the world, as well. Information was presented on legal issues that have occurred. Though it has been difficult, the LGBT supporters have lobbied for equal rights and recognition. The group has made progress throughout the United States, but there are still concerns worldwide. Although there is still much work to be done to give this group the respect they deserve, continuing to educate society on the importance of diversity and equality will be essential in living harmoniously. References: 17 States with Legal Gay Marriage and 33 States with Same-Sex Marriage Bans – Gay Marriage – ProCon.org. (n.d.). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://gaymarriage.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=004857 Elder, M. (2013, June 11). Russia passes law banning gay ‘propaganda’. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda Freedom to Marry. (2013). The freedom to marry internationally. Retrieved from http://www.freedomtomarry.org/landscape/entry/c/international Gay Marriage Timeline – Gay Marriage – ProCon.org. (n.d.). ProConorg Headlines. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://gaymarriage.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000030 Gossett, C., & Lewis, G. (2008). Changing Public Opinion on Same Sex Marriage: The Case of California. Academia.edu. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.academia.edu/539760/Changing_Public_Opinion_on_Same_Sex_Marriage_The_Case_of_California Harvey, C. P., & Allard, M. J. (2009). Understanding and Managing Diversity: (4th ed.). Retrieved from Pearson Education, Inc. McDonnell, Justin (2014, February 15). Olympics cast spotlight on Russia’s LGBT discrimination. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/sochi-olympics-cast- spotlight- on-russias-lgbt-discrimination/ Moore, J. (2005) The battle over same-sex marriages. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/gay_marriage/unions.html Parenting Laws: Joint Adoption. (n.d.). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/parenting_joint-adoption_082013.pdf Smith, T. (2011, September). Public Attitudes Toward Homosexuality. NORC. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from http://www.norc.org/PDFs/2011GSSReports/GSS_PublicAttitudesTowardHomosexuality_Sept2011.pdf U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men Questions and Answers. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/QuestionsaboutBlood/ucm108186.htm

Kate Winslet Essay

These past few years of highschool have had its ups and downs, but overall it’s been amazing. I’d like to thank my friends and family for always believing in me. Congratulations to the grads of 2013, see you all in 10 years! A discriminating reader may take pleasure in reading â€Å"The Destructors†, over an immature reader. A discriminating reader is a reader that takes deep pleasure in fiction that deals with life significantly, expects characters, plot and themes that are complex or realistic and that may challenge his or her beliefs and view of reality. This means that a discriminative reader would enjoy reading interpretive literature, like â€Å"The Destructors†. â€Å"The Destructors† will appeal to a discriminating reader because it deals with life problems and events that have happened, a deeper meaning and the theme and the story challenges beliefs and views of reality. â€Å"The Destructors† demonstrates life problems and events that have happened in history, this intrigues a discriminative reader into wanting to read the book or story. The story shows life problems, where there are gangs that are wanting to make trouble and let loose; just have freedoms and not let others or themselves have special treatment. An examples of this is when Old Misery offers then gang three packages of smarties and the it’s stood there â€Å"puzzled and perturbed by this action and tried to explain it away. ‘Bet someone dropped them and he picked ’em up,’. † They tried to think of all different reasons why Mr. Thomas would do this and they figured it was a bribe. This would make a discriminative reader keep reading, as the story is also set time is during the London blitz were bombs destroyed hundreds of house and places. Not only does a discriminative reader become interested by life problems and historical events, but also by the theme and deeper meaning. A discriminative reader, unlike an immature reader, can figure out the deeper meaning or theme of a story easily and doing this keeps them interested. The these is not usually easily present in a story that a discriminative reader would read because they would want to stay interested and try to figure it out as they read it by themselves. The theme of â€Å"The Destructors† is not innocence because the war has taken that away from them and replaced it with something the reader can make up and believe. The reader, being discriminative, expects the theme to be complex and realistic, and as the story continues the boys, Blackie and T. , have a conversation about the one thing T. wants to destroy. † ‘We’ll burn them [the notes/money], one by one’ and taking it in turns they held a note upwards and lit the top corner, so that the flame burnt slowly towards their fingers. The grey ask floated above them and fell on their heads like age. † This makes the readers think the they’re not to be innocence anymore by selfishness and rebelliousness, also the war has â€Å"aged† them by not giving them a childhood. From what has been said, a discriminating reader is able to figure out a deeper meaning by analyzing and expecting or guessing what the theme and meaning of the story is to be. Through doing so, they may challenge their beliefs and view of reality. As a discriminative reader reads a story, along the way they challenge their own beliefs as well as the authors belief. Whole doing this, they could perceive reality differently or challenge how or why reality was done this way. In particular, the discriminative reader may read,† ‘Of course I don’t hate him [Old Misery]’, I said. ‘There’d be no fun if I hated him. ‘ The last burning note illuminate his brooding face. ‘All this hate and love,’ he said, ‘it’s soft, it’s hooey. There’s only things, Blackie,’ he looked round the room crowded with unfamiliar shadows of half things, broken things, [and] former things. † A reader may see this and think do I really need this or that and challenge what they believe in and if something is right or wrong, better or worse. Overall, the discriminative reader loos at a story and challenges why they believe or don’t believe this and how come reality is this way. Discriminating readers can use many ways to look at a story and analyze it; they may take pleasure in to why the story deals with life problems and events in history, also the theme and or deeper meaning, as well as challenging beliefs and reality. â€Å"The Destructors† demonstrates all of these and that is why this story could be appealing to a discriminative reader.

The Absolute Freedom of Expression through Journalism in the Modern Article

The Absolute Freedom of Expression through Journalism in the Modern World - Article Example In this same background, it is also important to redefine the true purpose and function of the global journalists. A prudent definition would instruct the journalists to persist their valuable efforts to invite the attention of the common people to incidents of similar nature and to the exact need for greater freedom of the press. The most recent attacks on the six journalists across the world and especially in South Asia once again draw the attention of international community to the question of journalistic function and many have responded to this essential topic of the time. In one of the most persuasive appeals to the recent atrocities on international journalists, Matt Wade’s article â€Å"Sword Mightier than Pen as Journalist Deaths Rise to Six† deals with the â€Å"bloody start to this year for media workers on the Indian subcontinent.† (Wade) In this article, Matt Wade convincingly summarizes the atrocities to journalists in the most hazardous region in the world for journalists to work and reports the several instances of media attacks in South Asia - which includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan. He illustrates the mounting attacks against the freedom of speech in the region with pieces of evidence of Lasantha Wickramatunga, the leading Colombo newspaper editor, Uma Singh, the young journalist in her 20s, and Sayed Perwiz Kambaksh, the journalism student in Afghanistan. By reporting and summarizing several instances of attacks on journalists in the region and by raising the issue of the sword is mightier than the pen, Matt Wade not only serves his journalistic function but, more importantly, proves that pen is mightier than the sword. An understanding of the rhetorical devices used by the author, one realizes that Matt Wade has been effective in catching the emotion of the readers and creating the exact feelings of pathos in them.

Business law case assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business law case assessment - Assignment Example They can succeed if it is established that Mercury & Partners owed a duty of care to them and that duty has been breached. On the other hand, Mercury & Partners might look to contend that they had no relation with Elvis and Dionne. There is no privy as there is not contract between them. A contractual liability is different from being liable for negligence. Negligence liability does not require the parties involved to be in a contract. The tort of negligence emanates from the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)1 in which the defendant drank from a bottle of ginger beer which had a snail. It was held that the manufacturer of the bottle had a duty of care to keep the ginger beer free from snails as his bottles were opaque and any unsuspecting user could have drank it. The tort of negligence has five elements: i. Duty of care; ii. Breach of duty; iii. Factual causation; iv. Legal causation or remoteness; v. Harm; Firstly, in order to establish a duty of care, courts apply a â⠂¬Å"threefold test† that was introduced in Caparo v Dickman (1990)2. The three conditions are: i. The harm must be foreseeable; ii. There must be a relation of proximity between the parties involved; iii. It must be fair, just and reasonable to impose liability. In Caparo v Dickman (1990)3, Lord Oliver made it clear that once it is maintained that the harm was foreseeable, the relationship of proximity is automatically established. The courts have to examine whether it is just and reasonable to impose liability. Sometimes, the harm that is done is so remote that it fails the criterion of reasonableness. Most importantly, the individual circumstances of a particular case play a huge role in the establishment of duty of care. The aforementioned criteria are not necessarily the benchmark on which duty of care is to be established in each and every case. For tort of negligence, when duty of care is established, there must a breach of duty and harm must be caused which is the direc t result of the breach of duty. Factual causation is very important as a plaintiff cannot look to hold the defendant liable for a loss or harm that is not a direct result of the defendant’s act of negligence. It is unfair, unjust and unreasonable to hold the defendant liable for an unforeseeable harm. However, a physical harm poses a different question. In the given case, Mercury & Partners are the auditors and they have a duty to prepare their audit reports with reasonable care. There is a wide variety of users that uses audit reports to make important economic decisions. Reliability is a principle that sits at the very base of preparing audit reports. Elvis and Dionne made investments in Holly plc because of the information that they received from the audit report prepared by Mercury and Partners. Their loss was reasonably foreseeable which means that there was a relation of proximity too. There has been a breach of duty which has directly resulted in Elvis and Dionne losin g $100,000 each. All the elements of tort of negligence are there. However, the recovery of the loss might not be possible. In Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964)4, Lord Reid explained that when a negligently made article is broadcast so that a variety of ultimate consumers act on the advice, it is unfair to hold the advisor liable to each and every one of them. Therefore, Elvis and Dionne might just be one of the many ultimate consumers

Your Rights in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Your Rights in the Workplace - Essay Example Most of these individuals have problems affiliated with their work environment, which they wish to address, allowing them to operate efficiently and effectively in their places of work. For instance, I have come across situations whereby some people are not selected for certain jobs just because of their race or because they have some form of disability. In other instances, employers tend to promote having fewer skills to address certain positions and leaving the qualified candidates without work. Some individuals are forced to work for long hours without being awarded overtime, while others are denied leave to take care of their loved ones. I believe also that when most employees are laid off, they are unaware as to whether they have any rights to claim their jobs back or seek unemployment for the time they have been unemployed. Furthermore, some workers do not know whether they have rights to evaluate the jobs offered to them and request better policies. These kinds of unjust pract ices in organizations are inappropriate and the law condemns them. Based on the diverse malpractices that organizations embark on, which subject employees to hardships in the workplace, it is ideal to note that these issues prevail because a large number of employees are unaware of the legal approaches they should follow to cope with such situations. Most employers also take advantage of these situations without wanting their employees to understand the laws that safeguard their interests in the workplace.

Introduction page for an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction page for an - Essay Example fluenced significant transformations in ways of life and in validating that this unifying force confirms universality of responsibility with one another. One story focused on Pope John Paul’s ability to spark â€Å"a revolution of the spirit that liberated Poland, brought down the Berlin Wall, reunited Europe, and transformed the face of the world† (Albright 4). Bob Seiple, the first American ambassador-at-large for international religious freedom, shared the story about Mary’s remarkable survival to overcome hate and forgive a militiaman who shot her, paralyzed her and left her to die. The third story centered on the struggles of young children in a camp in Gulu who remained steadfast in faith amidst adversities from members of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The crucial lessons imparted were summed, to wit: â€Å"(1) that there are people who are willing to die—and kill—for their faith; and (2) that religion at its best teaches forgiveness and reconciliation, not only when those acts are relatively easy but also when they are almost unbelievably difficult† (Albright 5). In this regard, the essay hereby aims to explore the extent in which religion plays a crucial factor in influencing diplomatic policies and in determining how the current stance in separating religion and politics have affected resolving political conflicts Albright, Madeleine. "Faith and Diplomacy." The Review of Faith & International Affairs (2006): 3-9. Web. 15 January 2012.

Skills and Competitiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Skills and Competitiveness - Essay Example Advancement in technology has placed an even greater demand for skills. This is because the rate of technical change leads to higher levels of uncertainty for organizations which results in greater demand for problem solving skills   (Streeck, 1989). Countries such as the U.K are facing pressure from emerging countries such as India and China owing to their high growth rates and supply of high skills. Also, the demand for a highly skilled workforce has increased in the midst of intense global competition which has forced companies the developed nations to engage in ‘diversified quality production’ (Streeck, 1989).   On the contrary, critical studies have downplayed the importance of skills in securing innovation. In fact, the recent trend towards innovation may require â€Å"de-skilling† or reduction in the content of skills (Toner, 2011). According to these authors, the reliance on skill development through training has been reduced. This is attributed mostly to developments in the labor market such as self-employment and casualisation which require non-standard nature of work   (Toner, 2011). Furthermore, labor migration and labor mobility have further increased the power of workers and have reduced the incentives for firms to invest in developing skills of workers. Furthermore, the increased female participation in labor also acts as disincentive to train female employees with skills that they know will no longer benefit the organization once the females quit work (owing to family responsibilities or maternity leaves).

New York Times Newspaper Paywall Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

New York Times Newspaper Paywall - Case Study Example New York Times used a device-specific and metered system that allowed the readers to access up to 20 articles a month for free, but readers would be charged to access more articles except for the front page that was free all the times for all the users. The number of free articles was made to ensure active readers remain engaged and promote the social buzz generated by the articles. The strategy entailed differentiated pricing strategy that entailed three tiers depending on the device used by the reader to access the content and introductory offers and discounts for the customers. The digital pricing was cheaper than print home delivery, but the price was higher than that charged by other newspaper companies’ digital content. The distinctive pricing is essential in order to cater for the unique needs and amount of content accessed by the user (Kumar, Anand, Gupta and Oberholzer-Gee 7). The ‘leaky wall’ design accommodated users from social networks and search engi nes. Readers from Google search were restricted to five-articles per day limit over and above the 20 monthly free articles (Kumar, Anand, Gupta and Oberholzer-Gee 6). In addition, readers who came in from social media sites like Twitter and Facebook faced no links if the articles were linked directly from those social media sites. The paywall is a complement of the print newspaper since it provides the additional revenue stream and enhances the audience. Some readers will prefer the print newspapers especially advertisement companies. The newspaper industry is in trouble due to decline in the overall circulation and decline I the traditional sources of revenues such as subscription, classified advertising, and retail. Accordingly, the nature of the industry makes it difficult to reduce editorial staff, production and distribution costs since they are fixed.

Banking Regulatory reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Banking Regulatory reforms - Essay Example A few months later, the Franklin National Bank of New York had to shut their operations due to substantial foreign exchange losses. The turmoil in the financial sector prompted the governors of the central banks of G10 countries to decide upon measures on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices. Later, this came to be known as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision with a purpose to extend cooperation among its member countries in the matters related to banking supervision. Initial objectives were to set minimum supervisory standards; exchange information on supervisory practices and improve the techniques of supervision on their banking system. The Central banks of the each member country represent their countries in the committee. It must be noted that the committee's decision has no legal bearing. The committee formulates standards and recommends them to their member countries for its implementation. The committee's sole aim is to have common standards for regulatory and adequacy measures. The 1988 accord among the member countries, with regard to the regulation and supervision of banking sector, continued until 1999 when the Committee decided to further improve the capital adequacy framework. Current Regime under Basel II The revised capital framework came into force in 2004 called Basel II. The Basel II was aimed at creating an international standard for regulators to decide upon how much capital the banks must have to safeguard themselves in the event of any financial crisis. Sufficient consistency of regulations was focused at to ensure that this does not become a reason of competitive inequality for some of them. Their advocates believed that such a regulatory framework is needed to prevent failure of banking system should such crisis emerge in the future (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2013). Basel II, in theory at least, attempted to set up capital and risk management requirements so that banking failures could be avoided. For this, Basel II created disclosure requirements so that all market participants could know about the capital adequacy of a financial institution. They also ensured that market risk, credit risk, and operational risk are articulated based on available data. Basel II focused on minimum capital requirements, market discipline and adequate supervision (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2013). Though Basel II regulatory measures were in force yet it could not prevent 2008 international financial crisis. Post 2008 crisis, the Central banks came out pointing various reasons of financial failures and about the weaknesses that existed in Basel II accord. An urgent need was felt by all concerned to address weaknesses in Basel II. That is why the Basal committee on banking supervision decided to create a new comprehensive accord that could further reform and address the issues that were instrumental in causing the 2008 financial crisis (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 2013). It will be interesting to see how Islamic banks, in the context of Basel II manage the capital adequacy and risk exposures. Islamic banks do not use money markets and that is why they are susceptible to liquidity risks. Their inability to borrow for short-term fund needs make them vulnerable to market fallouts. The situation necessitates that Islamic banks must maintain higher liquidity than any conventional banks. Basel

Organizational learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational learning - Essay Example It is suggested that â€Å"organizations should operate themselves as experimenting or self-designing and should maintain themselves in a state of frequent, nearly continuous change in structures, processes, domains, goals, etc., even in the face of apparent optimal adaptation. This view takes into account how learning is achieved but does not consider the individual learner. Some organizations go through major changes more frequently than others, particularly when they are new entrants into an industry and in the so called learning stage. This is perfectly acceptable and even expected. However, there comes a time when new organizations settle into processes and procedures that have been perfected or improved over time. After having gone through numerous changes, there are individuals who may not be able to withstand or go through many more changes. They may believe that the current procedures are highly effective and do not need to be changed. They might become restless, irritable or most importantly, resistant to further change. For some learners, there is a limit to how much learning and behavioral change that can be processed within a certain time frame. Much of this depends on the individual learning style and specific characteristics of the learner. Huber’s assertion rests on the assumption that for an organization to behave as though it is in a constant state of change, all those within the organization who must attain some type of learning will always be open to new information or ideas.

Dilema at Day-Pro Essay Example for Free

Dilema at Day-Pro Essay The crossover point is the rate at which the NPV of the two projects are equal. NPV has a direct relationship between NPV and Economic Value Added. The NPV shows how the shareholders’ wealth would be increased if the project is accepted. The goal of the company is to increase shareholders’ wealth, thus NPV shows the better way in choosing the right decision to achieve their goal. NPV method implicitly assumes that the rate at which cash flows can be reinvested is the cost of capital, whereas the IRR method assumes that the firm can reinvest at the IRR. NPV method is better because it selects the project that adds the most to shareholder wealth. Tim can show that the MIRR is the more realistic measure to use in the case of mutually exclusive contracts by explaining that by using MIRR, they can avoid the multiple IRR problems and at the same time explain that since reinvestment at the cost of capital is generally more correct, the MIRR  which assumes that CFs from all projects are reinvested at the cost of capital rather than on the project’s own IRR (in the case of IRR), is a better indicator of a project’s true profitability. Tim could also state that with the use of MIRR, the company can avoid some conflicts encountered when comparing NPV with IRR. With the use of MIRR, they can minimize the conflict between the two, just like when the two projects being compared have equal size and same life, both NPV and MIRR leads to the same decision. The company can also arrive at the same decision when the two projects being compared have equal size and different life. Using Profitability Index can help in deciding which project to choose because it gives the ratio which allows us to measure the proportion of money returned to money invested. Thus by profitability index, it allows us to compare investment opportunities that requires us different initial investments. The higher profitability index will be chosen because it gives higher possible return in the amount that is to be invested. In short, in the dilemma of Day-pro, Synthetic Resin must be chosen because it gives a higher return in spite of the high initial investment. However, in using this method, the analyst will ignore many factors, such as risk, cost of capital, and liquidity of the project. Thus, the company must consider or decide first on what factor they will base their decision in choosing a project. Being more conservative in revenue projection will give us an idea that the project is less liquid because they projected a longer period of time before the company can earn back the invested amount. Moreover, it also indicates that they considered the possible risks that may occur in the project along the way. The chance of overestimation and underestimation of the project is less possible that make it more realistic. Thus, the Synthetic Resin project is more reliable and accurate. Knowing that the synthetic resin would require extensive and longer time before it could be implemented, it will cause doubt on the part of the Board to choose this  project because it only says that Synthetic Resin project is less liquid compared to epoxy resin and the company will be tied longer to this project before it can regain the invested capital. However, looking at the other side of the coin, synthetic resin gives a higher return in spite of its flaws and its risks. On the other hand, Epoxy Resin seems to be more liquid and less risky and the return of this project is less compared to the Synthetic Resin. As a result, the board might be more attracted to Epoxy Resin. Still, the decision of the board depends on what they give importance or emphasis in choosing a project. And since the Board has a strong preference in using rates or return as its criteria, we would recommend to the Board to choose Synthetic Resin.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Technology

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Technology Introduction:   Nowadays, computer technology is used in a variety of different ways for everyday life. This has become every bodys necessity whether they realise it or not. Everybody is using technology to some degree, let it be by setting an alarm clock or using a computerised self driving car. In everyday life, technology is used in education, industry, medical procedures, medical research, banking and business etc. In education, technology is used in researching information and many online learning courses (e-learning), technology is a necessity for people or children with disabilities e.g. might not be able to talk but learn how to use a computer and can communicate like everyone else. In relation to banking, e-banking transferring money from one account to another automatically, straight forward transactions no waiting/clearance period, and also people can see their account on line and check daily on account by using on-line services by a touch of a button. Throughout industries, computerised robots are used to assemble and test products instead of using manual labour. These robots are used to assemble products ten times faster than manual labour. In the advertising industry, many companies are becoming extinct because many people are advertising themselves by using Facebook, Done Deal and many other online services. In the medical field, the development of digital x-rays have saved a lot of time and has become interlinked with the other hospitals across the world in the research field for especially cancer patients, Alzheimers disease patients, doctors able to communicate by Skype etc and send information directly to help a patient straight away. Advantages of Computer Technology: Computer Technology helps to keep in contact with our family and re-connect with old friends or make new friends by using any services such as Facebook, Viber, WhatsApp, Skype and many more. People are using online dating to socialise and connect with others also. Many people can use Google maps to direct them from place to place instead of using the paperback version of maps. People can have a healthier lifestyle as many programs are issued online, such as diet and exercise programmes. In the medical field, robots are used to perform key-hole surgery on patients. This means the person is less open to infection, a quicker recovery time and hospital bed management systems have a leaner system in place (patient is less days in hospital). The majority of shopping nowadays is completed online. For example from groceries to buying a car. This all can be done by computer technology. Disadvantages of Computer Technology: Computer Technology has a massive impact on our private and public lives by using many social media sites such as Facebook, Instagram etc. With these types of sites, many people can be tracked through the location on their phone and this can be very dangerous. There is a wide variety of games that is available online. This has such an impact on the youth of today as it has caused a massive reduction in children reading books and playing sports. Many people cant socialise with one another as they feel the need to be on their phone either playing games or social media sites. In industry, computer technology is used by developing robots to assemble products in a short amount of time. This has led to unemployment as manual labour is kept to a minimum due to the robots being able to assemble products at a much faster speed than humans. In the medical field if computers break down and documents werent saved properly files can be lost, and also if malfunction with robotic machines that are operated by surgeons if not working properly, there will be delays in operating procedures, schedules will have longer waiting list. Computer Technology impacts our public and private life: Computer Technology has a massive impact in our public and private life. In relation to our public life businesses have gained a massive advantage in expanding and updating their company by using Computer Technology. Instead of posting letters to clients or other business people and waiting a day for the delivery, technology has invented the use of emails, faxing and video calls which is sent immediately. A lot of business people dont attend many meetings these days. They use video calling for important conferences. This reduces time and pressure on these people in travelling from one end of the country to the next. This software has developed programmes such as Microsoft and Excel. It is a way to set up rosters for employees and sort out accounts but there is a disadvantage with this. The invention of this has a big impact on people nowadays. Peoples vocabulary and math has demolished greatly by using these programmes. They can automatically calculate figures and check spelling by a click of a button compared to having to use calculators and exceptional vocabulary to write letters and complete accounts. All finances can be sorted online nowadays. This helps you check your account balance and transactions immediately instead of going to your local branch and queuing.   The difficult impact this has on people is that there is a lot of people that can hack into accounts; therefore people must set up correct security on their accounts to avoid this from happening. Entertainment can be seen through technology not only on the television. For example, the news from around the world, whether and it shows whether bank shares have increased or decreased for business people to see. Social media sites have been developed such as LinkedIn which is a great invention nowadays for people looking for employment and even employers seeking new and skilful employees for their company. In relation to our private life, technology is a great way to stay in contact with family members that may be aboard or old school mates by using Skype or other social media sites such as Facebook. Many people dont tend to socialise as much as they did. They use many social media sites and online dating to socialise with people. Technology is a great way that saves time and energy in relation to booking a holiday. Instead of standing in a queue and waiting to book flights or checking in luggage etc, this can be all completed online. Current development of computer technology in relation to healthcare: Computer technology is a basic essential in hospitals, nursing homes and home care environments; everything is computerised and electronically done so therefore everyone has to have general knowledge and understanding of computers starting with doctors, nurses, management, supervisors and healthcare assistants. The current development of computer technology in health care is that patient diagnosis and treatments is more efficient and no delays, this could save a persons life.   Doctors are able to connect with other Doctors in connection with second opinions and past and current findings on treatments, side effects etc.   Technology also helps the patient to understand what a doctor is explaining to them, so the patient can use the internet themselves and completing the physio therapy by using internet everyday for daily exercises. Everything is computerised so therefore bed management in hospitals and nursing homes have systems in place to let doctors, nurse managers etc   know how many bed are free for new patients care.  Ã‚   Systems are in place to make the hospital or nursing home aware of availability as healthcare is also a business so it is lean practising. Doctors use technology for all digital scanning systems e.g. MRI, Cat-Scan, X-Ray etc.   Doctors use computerised robots to perform surgeries and can get access information from hospitals and doctors across the world for reference. A Healthcare assistant will use technology so therefore to have a basic training is essential, because from using an electric hoist, electronic wheel chair, computerised sterilisation methods, in-house emailing system/shuttle systems for medication to be transported, accessing files for care plan, writing your journal notes, rosters of work and also helping a patient with their laptop, computer or television so that they can use it, this can relax the patient and help with the healing process. Legislations that should be aware of: Everybody should be aware of the different legislations that are in place. They are in place in order to protect individuals safety in a workplace or public or private life. One of our legislations are Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, this outlines the duties of the employer and the employees that must be foreseen throughout working hours. Data protection Act 1988 and 2003 this act ensures personal data information is kept private and secure, accurate and up-to-date with records. Freedom of Information Acts 1998 and 2003 allows members of the public to have a legal right to see information held by certain bodies and everyone has a legal right to see anything they wish. Defamation Act 2009 is an act to protect any persons good name, if they are innocent and wrongfully exposed and their reputation could be damaged from false statements. Conclusion: By completing this assignment I have learned that I am more aware of computer technology and how it plays a massive role in both public and private life. Nowadays in the 21st century, we rely a lot on computer technology. Many people put a lot of their private life on the internet which leaves it open for other people to see which can result in robbery, people been very vulnerable and loss of communication as computers have taken over their lives. This is shown children for the future that there will be a major lack of communication skills and physical interaction with other individuals. Word count 1400

The Definition Of Globalization Education Essay

The Definition Of Globalization Education Essay Globalization has brought about many changes in human lives. Globalisation, which started off in the West, was brought about by many factors. Some of it is the the emergence of the information technology and also the economic competition between different countries (Jarvis, 2007, p. 44). Here, it is obvious that globalization was about the economic benefit at first and later had also impacted many others categories of human lives such as education and environment. The impacts and effects of globalization could be seen everywhere, from the food industry to the music that one listens. Some would argue that globalization benefitted the mass, and therefore it is something good. However, some would refute by saying that globalization has also had some negative impacts. Therefore, I would like to find out and discuss the effects of globalization specifically in education. This paper would examine closely the effects of globalization in education in terms of commodification, internationalis ation, citizenship and also accessibility of knowledge. This essay would argue that although globalization brings some positive effects, it also brings some negative effects that sometimes could be considered to outweigh the benefits of it. The arguments will be put forward by first defining globalization and then highlighting some of the different types of globalization. This will be followed by discussing the impact of globalization in education in terms of commodification, internationalisation, citizenship, and accessibility of knowledge. Last but not least, this essay will discuss the implications for teachers in a Malaysian secondary school classroom. Defination of Globalization There are tremendous amount of literature on the definition of globalization. Globalisation seemed to an easy word to define at first. However, there are many definitions of it where each and one of these definitions are looked from various different perspectives such as social, economy and political perspectives. From an political point of view, Beck (2000, p. 11) defines globalization as a process through which transnational actors undermine sovereign national states with varying prospect of power, direction, identities, and network. From a communication point of view, globalization as a concept refers to both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole (Robertson, 1992, p. 8). Similarly, Luke (2005), stated that globalization is how the world is shrinking in the sense that people can communicate to each other instantaneously through the use of technology especially the internet. On a different plane, Waters (1995, p. 3) looks at globalization as a social change where physical boundaries of place on the social and cultural aspects are diminishing and the public are aware that it is diminishing. Looking from a social perspectives or point of view, globalization is the escalation of global social relations which connect far localities in such a way that local events are influenced by events occurring in the far distance and vice versa. (Held, 1991 cited in Morrow Torres, 2000, p. 29). Therefore, it can said that globalisation is the weakening of the physical boundaries surrounding the nation or states, in which affects aspects of human life such as culture, social interaction, economy, politics and many other aspects. The less visible boundaries mean that people are more likely to interact with each other. If the interaction is between people or party of same position or status, the interaction could be in a neutral way. However, if the interaction is between people or party of unequal status or power, the m ore privileged will tend to influence the less privileged it can also happen that the less privileged might want to imitate the more privileged in order to live the same condition as the opposite party. When looking at the definitions of globalisation, it is important to also highlight the different types of globalisation. Here, cultural, economy and political globalisation will be discussed closely. Cultural globalisation is about the spread of one stronger element of culture, which in many cases, would be the American culture. This is done through the American media which penetrates most parts of world. Songs, films, and many more are easily available around the world (Jarvis, 2007). Besides, he also argues that many new cultural institutions have become industries where these institutions are trying to sell their culture. However, one would argue that cultural globalisation could also strengthen the culture in particular society if the member of the society choose to resist the wave of global influx of different foreign culture. According to Jones (1998, p. 146), cultural globalisation includes deteriorating religious mosaic, a deteriorating cosmopolitanism and diversity, widespread consumption of simulations and representations, global distribution of images and information and universal tourism. Therefore, it can be said that cultural globalization is the process where the l ocal cultural aspect of a community disappears in certain rate and substituted with a global culture. On the other hand, economy globalisation includes several aspects such as transnational companies. Transnational companies are companies that operate at a global level without needing to follow a certain nations law and regulation (Bottery, 2006). These companies bring profit to the nation through taxation. These companies possess a huge influence as they are not bound to a countrys law. Transnational companies have power beyond the nations or the states (Jarvis, 1998). Besides, economy globalisation also includes the bigger organisations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides loan and fund to developing countries. However, it is crucial to highlight here that this economy globalisaton is the setting of other types of globalization (Bottery, 2006). This is because economy is the source of income and the setting of work for people. According to Jones (1998, p. 145), economy globalisation includes freedom of exchange between localities with flows of services and symbo lic commodities, balance of production activity in a locality determined by its physical and geographical advantages, minimal direct foreign investment, flexible responsiveness of organisations to global markets, decentralised, instantaneous and stateless financial markets and free movement of labour. Political globalization looks at the diminishing power of the state where due to globalization, the power is local authority might be weakening. According to Jones (1998 p. 146), political globalisation is portrayed through an absence of state sovereignty and multiple centres of power at global, local and intermediate levels, local issues discussed and situated in relation to a global community, powerful international organisations predominant over national organisations, fluid and multi-centric international relations, a weakening of value attached to the nation-state and a strengthening of common and global political values. Thus, the meaning of being a certain country or nations citizen also gets blurred. The notion of citizen is not as a unified and unifying concept as before when there is certain loss of nation-state sovereignty, or the erosion of national autonomy (Burbules and Torres, 2000, p. 14). The Effect of Globalisation in Education Having looked at the brief categorization of globalization in general, this section will focus on the effect of globalization in education. This section will look at commodification, internationalisation, citizenship and accessibility of knowledge. Commodification is the term used to describe commodification can be seen in two ways, the displacement of use values by exchange values or in general to describe how consumer culture becomes embedded in daily lives through various ways (Ball, 2004, p.4). This consumer culture that is a global phenomenon today has also effected the education sector. Commodification of education is evident from the primary school to the higher education. Many are affected by, especially the parents and the students. Due to the competition for the entrance of an excellent school, parents and the learner will be under a lot of pressure to prepare themselves so they can qualify to this prestigious or high-league table-ranked schools. The society without noticing is drawn to this concept of education commodification due to the societal pressure. Similarly, the teachers and staff in this schools are forced to work hard to maintain the schools league table position so they can maintain the financial support from the government. The demands of competition, the information provided by League Tables, pressures from the state for performance improvement and target-achievement and per-capita funding, in a period of spending constraints, work together to create local economies of student worth where schools compete to recruit those students, most likely to contribute to improvements and performance (Ball, 2004, p. 10). Therefore, in this situation the commodification of education does not really seem to benefitting the learners, or the even parents. This cycle of incentives for performance is not something good as it contradicts with the value of education. .Another effect of globalization is the internationalization of education. Internationalisation is the process of intergrating an international or intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and exercise function of the institution (Knight, 1994, p. 16 cited in Knight, 1999) . Internationalisation is about globalization. Internationalisation happens usually at higher level education. There are many reasons for the internationalisation of the higher education. One of it is the internationalisation will help foreign policy of a country. Through internationalisation, a country will be perceived as welcoming and friendly to the different cultural aspects. In other words, internationalisation will indicate that the country appreciates the various cultures that exist are open to accepting them. On an economic point of view, internationalisation will help attract investment from foreign countries to a country. This will boost the countrys economy through the investments (Knight, 199 9). By internationalisation, the quality of teaching and learning process could be improved. This is because internationalisation encourages acceptance of various culture and integrates this in the teaching and learning process. The students will be exposed to various source of knowledge about the world. This knowledge of the world will help the learners to understand and make sense the difference and similarities people around the world have from one culture to another. Besides, internationalisation will also en courage partnership between various universities around the world. This is because through internationalization, one common medium of interaction will be chosen between the cooperating universities, which will likely to be English. Having a common language and some similarities will further encourage cooperation work between universities from different countries. Citizenship Another effect of globalization in education is that the accessibility of knowledge. Through the internet, many different kind of knowledge are readily accessible on the internet (Robertson, 1992). This means the acquisition of knowledge by students are much faster since there they have wide range of knowledge available for them. This would help students and teachers in their learning process. This rapidly growing information on the net could facilitate learning process by providing references and validating certain concepts that the learners are confused or unable to comprehend. Besides, the teachers and learners can build a network system through the net where they can talk and communicate with teachers and students from any part of the world through the internet. This would help teachers and learners to create a global view of education n based on their communication with people from around the world. However, this might also be a problem for the students since with the huge amoun t of information available on the net, the reliability of some of the information is sometimes questionable. Therefore, it is important for the learners to be able to distinguish between reliable and unreliabale information. Besides, it is also important for them to be able to choose and pick which information that is suitable for them. The downside of this body of knowledge available on the internet is that it cannot be accessed by people in certain parts of the world where the communication technology is not at par with the latest communication technology (Burbules, 2000). This in a way widens the gap between the education progress in a developed country with a well-equipped information technology facilities and the education progress in a developing country with poor information technology facilities. In a less progressed country where it is already a struggle to maintain teaching and learning process, the people will not know what they have missed by the lack of facilities. Another aspect of the manifestation of the accessibility information is the distance learning (Foley, 2003). Distance learning is the teaching and learning process which does not happen in a physical classroom, but instead happens in a virtual classroom. This distance learning was already available before the existence of the internet through the use of post. However, the invention of the internet has taken distance learning into a whole new level. Distance education has enabled more people to gain access to education through the many different types of online courses offered by universities and other online course providers. One of the benefits of this distance learning is that the learning process can be done in learners own time, without any peer pressure form classmates. However, the drawback of distance learning is that the reduced or loss of the human touch in the learning and teaching process. Human touch in the form of communication with one another is important in learning. Implications to Teaching and Learning Process in a Malaysian Secondary Classroom. Having discussed the impact of globalization in education on a global level, tis section will try to relate back the impact of globalization in education in a Malaysian context, specifically in a Malaysian secondary classroom. Malaysian secondary classroom consist of students for the age of thirteen to seventeen. These students come from various backgrounds. First and foremost, one of the main implications the effect of globalization in a Malaysian context is the teachers and students should be aware of the effect of globalization in education to the Malaysian education system and also to the global education policy and reforms. Here, the teacher training college plays a crucial part in incorporating the effect of globalization in education to the teacher trainees. This is so that future teachers will be aware of the effects of globalization and then try to inform the students and then create awareness in the students. Besides, it also a teachers responsibility to make the learners aware of the multi dimension of globalization that exist beyond Malaysia. This will help the learners to be able develop critical thinking based on their awareness of the world around them. Futhermore, the appreciation of unique multicultural society that exists around the world, not only in Malaysia should be made known to the learners. On a similar note, as an future educator, it is important to realise that a teaching method or education policy that is a sucess not necessarily u can take everything and put it into another context. Think about the context in which a teacher is teaching so that it is relevant to the students and context. Another implication that can be drawn from the discussion above is that it is important to realize that the abundance of information and knowledge available on the internet comes with a price as well. The implication of these to the Malaysian education especially in a secondary classroom is that the learners should be equipped with the necessary skill to filter the knowledge and than distinguish between facts and non-facts. In order to do this, the teachers should give some exposure of this kind of activity in the classroom. This will help learners, the secondary school students to be able to pick and choose the fact from the rest. Besides, it is also important to be able to pick the information which is useful for the individual rather than using all the information available. Distance learning CONCLUSION 100

A War With Different Enemies :: essays research papers

A War With Different Enemies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  War novels previous to All Quiet On The Western Front, tend to romanticize the real conditions of the war, and the troubles faced by the soldiers. However, All Quiet On The Western Front, not only does not romanticize the terrible experiences of World War I, it also provides the reader with accurate and detailed portrayal of the horrors of the War. The author, Erich Maria Remarque does this by emphasizing several themes. The first theme is how the war affects each soldier, the second is the horrors of war, and the third is nationalism. Each of these themes allows the reader to enter deep into the minds of the soldiers who were fighting the war. At the beginning of the novel the author states that:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war.† (Remarque 4)Even by this beginning quote it is revealed that the author did not write this book to criticize, or to accuse, but he wrote the book to tell the story â€Å"of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped shells, were destroyed by the war.† (Remarque 4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book in my opinion, accurately portrays how the war affects the lives of soldiers during World War 1. It also shows how each of these young soldiers had no idea what they were getting themselves into when they enlisted in the war. They were all young and they were all naà ¯ve. They were fighting for what they thought was their country. They fought for their families and for their freedom. Later they realized that they did not fight an â€Å"enemy†; they fought against people like them: a person with a family and a person with a life back home. This is evident in chapter four when Paul says: â€Å"At the sound of the first droning of the shells we rush back, in one part of our being, a thousand years.† (Remarque 28) As Paul describes this he paints a good picture of what happened when they first encountered battle, and what happened when they realized what they were really up against. Using

Elementary Education Observation Essay --

As I entered South County Elementary School Theresa Geis, the principal, was waiting for me so that she could introduce me to the first and fifth grade teachers. At first this seemed like a dream due to the fact that I had been to that same school for my early childhood observation. Knowles elementary has about 629 students and a total of 55 teachers (publicschoolreview.com). The students have different ethnic backgrounds that provide a culturally diverse student body. These ethnic groups include: 48% Hispanic, 40% White, % unknown, 5% African American, and 1% Asian (publicschoolreview.com). As I entered the first grade classroom of Mrs. Robinson I knew it was the classroom that I wanted to observe. The classroom had a warm feeling and Mrs. Robinson walked immediately up to me to introduce herself. The classroom was filled with posters, laughter, and little children trying to put away their backpacks and jackets in their lockers. The desks were laid out in groups and it could be seen that each of the students had a partner that they were going to work with throughout that day. As Mrs. Geis left I was able to sit and watch Mrs. Robinson begin to teach her classroom filled with excited first graders. Borich (2011) explains lesson clarity as, â€Å"The teacher’s ability to speak clearly and directly to the class and to organize and structure content at the students’ current level of understanding† (pg. 272). This means that how the teacher speaks and organizes their lesson content needs to be tailored to the students’ ability to retain the information. To be able to obtain lesson clarity there are three different dimensions that must be followed. These dimensions are informing learners of the objective, providing lear... ... statement from the beginning of the semester has not change except one little part. The change would be that I would add every moment, minute, and second in a classroom matters. It is through these observation I have set personal goals that will help me throughout the rest of my life. These goals are: 1. Finish my degree in Elementary Education a. Hopefully received my masters 2. Create a journal or a book about all the experiences I have had through observing and as a future teacher. (To turn back to when I am struggling or am trying to find an answer to a problem I might have) It will take me a few years to accomplish the goals that I have; however, I have now observed many teachers who have completed these goals. These teachers have given me hope and a sense of determination to finish my school so that I can start to make an impact in the world as well.

Sojourner Truth Essay

Sojourner Truth was born in 1797 on the Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh estate in Swartekill, in Ulster County, a Dutch settlement in upstate New York. Her given name was Isabella Baumfree, also spelled Bomefree. She was one of 13 children born to Elizabeth and James Baumfree, also slaves on the Hardenbergh plantation. She spoke only Dutch until she was sold from her family around the age of nine. Isabella suffered very cruel treatment once her first master died and she was sold to her next master, John Neely.Neely’s wife and family only spoke English and beat Isabella fiercely for the frequent miscommunications. She learned to speak English quickly, but she still had her Dutch accent. She later spoke up and said that Neely once whipped her with â€Å"a bundle of rods, prepared in the embers, and bound together with cords. † During this time that she began praying aloud when she became scared or hurt. In 1815, she fell in love with a slave named Robert. Robert's owner forb ade the relationship because he did not want his slave having children with a slave he did not own.One night Robert visited Isabella, but was followed by his owner and son, who beat him savagely, bruising and mangling his head and face, and dragged him away. She never got to see him again. Isabella had a daughter shortly thereafter, named Diana. In 1817, she was forced to marry an older slave named Thomas. They had four children: Peter, James, who died young, Elizabeth, and Sophia. In 1799, the state of New York began to legislate the gradual abolition of slaves, which was supposed to happen July 4, 1827. Dumont had promised Isabella freedom a year before the state emancipation if she would do well and be faithful.However, he reneged on his promise. She continued working until she felt she had done enough to satisfy her sense of obligation to him. She then escaped with her infant daughter, Sophia. Isabella went the home of Isaac and Maria Van Wagenen. Dumont found her and demanded h er to go back. When she refused he threatened to take her baby. Isaac offered to buy her services for the remainder of the year. Dumont accepted his offer for $20. Isaac and Maria insisted Isabella not call them â€Å"master† and â€Å"mistress,† but by their names.Once Isabella heard about her son she immediately set to work retrieving her young son Peter. He had recently been sold illegally to a slave holder in Alabama. She took it to the court and won. She was one of the first African Americans to win a court case. Isabella had a life-changing religious experience and became inspired to preach. In 1829, she left Ulster County and became known as a remarkable preacher, whose influence was miraculous. She soon met Elijah Pierson, a religious reformer who advocated strict adherence to Old Testament laws for salvation.In 1834, Pierson had died and the Folger family accused Isabella of stealing their money and poisoning Elijah. Everything was eventually acquitted. Isabel la settled in New York City, but she had lost what savings and possessions she had. She resolved to leave and make her way as a traveling preacher. On June 1, 1843, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth. She traveled, depending on the kindness of strangers. She began dictating her memoirs to Olive Gilbert. The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave was published privately by William Lloyd Garrison in 1850.It gave her an income and increased her speaking engagements. She spoke about anti-slavery and women's rights, often giving personal testimony about her experiences as a slave. That same year, 1850, Benson's cotton mill failed and he left Northampton. In 1854, at the Ohio Woman's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave her most famous speech, with the legendary phrase, â€Å"Ain't I a Woman? † During the Civil War, she spoke on the Union's behalf, as well as for enlisting black troops for the cause and freeing slaves.In 1864, she worked among freed slaves at a g overnment refugee camp on an island in Virginia and was employed by the National Freedman's Relief Association in Washington, D. C. She also met President Abraham Lincoln in October. In 1863, Harriet Beecher Stowe's article â€Å"The Libyan Sibyl† appeared in the Atlantic Monthly; a romanticized description of Sojourner. In 1870, she began campaigning for the federal government to provide former slaves with land. She pursued this for seven years. In 1874, she developed ulcers on her leg. She was successfully treated by Dr.Orville Guiteau, veterinarian, but had to return home due to illness once more. She did toured as much as she could, still campaigning for free land for former slaves. In 1879, Sojourner was delighted as many freed slaves began migrating west and north on their own. She spent a year helping refugees and speaking in white and black churches trying to gain support for the â€Å"Exodusters† as they tried to build new lives for themselves. This was her la st mission. In July of 1883, with ulcers on her legs, she sought treatment through Dr. John Harvey Kellogg at his famous Battle Creek Sanitarium.It is said he grafted some of his own skin onto her leg. Sojourner returned home and died there on November 26, 1883, at 86 years old. She was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery next to her grandson. WORK CITIED Pauli, Hertha Ernestine. Her Name Was Sojourner Truth. NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962. Slave Narratives. NY: Library of America, 2000. Stetson, Erlene, and Linda David. Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1994. http://www. biography. com/people/sojourner-truth-9511284 http://www. harpyness. com/2009/02/09/honoring-sojourner-truth-1797-1883/

Ancient China

Also the birth of the exam system for Chinese civil servants dates from this time. The doctrines were replaced by Confucian Philosophy. During Han Dynasty it was the period of further land expansion and it extended into a very large territory. They found a symbol to represent every idea. The Romans and the Chinese began a trade of woven silk which Romans cannot copy. Also they build the Imperial Palace in the Forbidden City. These are the cultural markers highlighted in the film which speaks the centralized system of power in ancient China.The Chinese people used the same writing style for centuries. They could easily read the writings which were written ass's of years ago. Until the rule of a different emperor, who changed the writing and language and formed his own. People then took that new language and writing and used it in their everyday life. The Chinese created a symbol for almost all the ideas. For instance, sun and moon gives light, which means they are bright so they had a symbol for bright Also, the development of poetry and visual arts took place during this period.The Chinese had advanced throughout the centuries by knowing the same language for centuries, successfully creating a new language, and inventing symbols for every idea. The structures that the Chinese Empire had during this period were The Great Wall of China and The Imperial Palace. The Great Wall of China was built to defend against the Barbarians and the Northern Tribes. Also, it symbolizes to other people outside of China to acknowledge that this wall is where the territory of China is. The Imperial Palace in the Forbidden City is a place where the Emperor of China lived. Lay the Emperor was allowed to Rome though the Palace. Now in the present day it is one of the best tourist attraction in China. These great structures still stand today in China. The Chinese Empire created the Doctrines which were later replaced by the Confucian Philosophy. The Chinese also created the crossbow wh ich is a weapon. Their weaponry were made of bronze and they were best known for weaving of silk which even the ingenious Romans could not copy. Therefore a trade route was created where the Chinese merchant sell the silk to India, who will then sell it to the Romans.During the Han Dynasty, the area of land of China expanded significantly, expanding its territory' to the West. The Chinese Empire is still best known for its creations and ideas. These cultural marker based on the movie shows the centralized system of power in ancient China. This Empire goes all the way back to 5000 B. C. They created weapons, architectures, literature, ideas, and also expanded the land. The Chinese Empire is known to be one of the greatest empires and is considered to be the longest continuous civilization of mankind. Ancient China

Selective Reasoning

When the simulation was first assigned, I really had no idea what to expect. I assumed that my group members and I would be creating various written documents, which was clearly not the case. After selecting a group composed mainly of my close friends, we began to read through the various materials given to us to help us successfully complete the simulation. After watching a few of the videos from our customers and reading the given document about Minnesota Mircromotors, we began the simulation.Before the simulation started our group decided that we wanted to put customer atisfaction as our top priority, over market share and profit. After our first quarter, we began to panic because every satisfaction arrow was in the red. Immediately we made changes to everything we did before, restoring us back to equilibrium in the second quarter. From there on out, the simulation ran a lot more smoothly. In our first attempt at the simulation, we played around with the price of the product a lot , trying to keep it lower for Customer D, while also sometimes bringing it up to help increase profits.By the time I took the simulation individually, I realized that playing with the price was a waste of time. What I found best was to keep the price at $142 or $143, ignoring was Customer D wanted. I found over time the discounts to be much more important. We as well as l, always gave Customer D the largest discount, followed by Customer A, Customer B, and finally Customer C. This gave us the highest customer satisfaction while keeping the price relatively the same. For the distributor discount, we kept it relatively constant throughout, but increased it towards the end in order to keep the customers happy.For the sales force emphasis pie chart, we tried a lot of different methods to try nd get the best result. The first few times through the simulation we focused our attention on Customer A and C over B and D. This worked throughout fairly well, but wasn't ultimately the best solut ion. During my last individual attempt, I completely cut out customer D, while giving half of my attention to Customer. Roughly the remaining half was split between A and B, but it fluctuated a little throughout the simulation. This confguration of the pie chart ended with me getting a much larger score than previous attempts.During the group simulations, we put a lot of time into figuring out the best way to plit up spending on large/small customers, as well as retaining those same customers. We argued a lot about which should get more emphasis and which did not. I found that no matter what I did, that the small customers seemed to always be very satisfied. Because of this, what I found to work best was to keep both spending and retaining large customers Just slightly about the small. I kept this relatively simulation, and gave me the best score in the end.Sales force was another aspect of the simulation our group argued a lot about. Half the group thought the sales force was very important, while the other half hought it would be better to use that money in order to enhance our physical product. What I found that worked the best was to leave the sales force at 1 1, but if I really thought it was necessary to get rid of them then to Just do it for one quarter. I noticed that each time I dropped a few for a quarter that my total budget would sometimes increase by $100,000.For that reason alone I did this several times in order to have as large a budget as possible. During the group stages my budget only got up to $800,000, which we thought was very good. When I took the simulation individually I got the budget to increase to $1. million. I feel that managing my sales force correctly played a key role in obtaining more total budget. The first time we took the simulation, we tried getting rid of market research for the very last quarter. This ended terribly for us and caused us to lose a customer satisfaction star from every customer.From then on out I left mark et research at the required $50,000 Just to stay safe. One of the most important parts of the game I found was spending on IMC. After the first quarter as a group, when we did very poorly, we found that putting money into IMC was the best way to increase our profit nd market share. What I found that worked best regarding IMC, was to basically put all additional budget into it. Almost every quarter I did this, my profits would continue to rise. When I did the simulation individually, every time I gained more money in my total budget that money would address IMC first.IMC was definitely the key to the game for me. The single most argued part of the simulation for our group was the distribution of money in Power-To-Size Ratio, Manufacturing, and Thermal Resistance. At first it seemed that no matter what we did as a group some customer would complain about something. No customer complained more than Customer B complaining about wanting more thermal. Our group found ourselves always argu ing over how much money to put into which of the three categories. We never really did a great Job doing so because there was always an unhappy customer.What I found to be the best method was based on sure luck. I really wanted to take some relatively large risks in my last attempt at the individual simulation so I cut out Manufacturing Efficiency Improvement entirely. After two quarters of making a huge profit, I kept that up until the end. This gave me more money to put into important things like IMC, Power-To- Size Ratio, and Thermal Resistance. This kept the customers satisfied for the most part. After being the CEO of Minnesota Micromotors, I found that my ideals before I started the simulation were a lot different from how I feel now.Before the simulation started, our group really wanted to focus on customer satisfaction. For the most part we kept the customers very satisfied and satisfied. I now feel that market share and profit are what were the best ways of achieving a high score. With high profit and market share I was given more budget to work with. This trend kept accumulating ntil both profit and market share were higher than during the first couple simulations. The difference was that my customer satisfaction for my final simulation scores of 55, 60, and 60.My final score was a 75. Taking risks was something I wasn't too fond of at the beginning of the simulation. I thought being conservative was definitely the way to go. Because of this I was really conservative at the beginning with my group, as well as myself. I did the best when I took some risks. I am really glad I took a chance in my last simulation because then I really grasped the fact that sometimes you have to focus on the customers that help ou the most instead of focusing on pleasing all of the customers.Overall, I am really glad we got he opportunity to participate in the simulation. We really got a hands on experience of what we learned in class. I'm glad we got to apply our knowled ge, and I believe I learned a lot from doing the simulation. Although I did a lot better individually, it was very helpful to work in a group at first. We did fairly well compared to the rest of the class, and work as a team really helped with that. I would recommend this simulation to any marketing student because it is exactly how I picture the real world working.

Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne is famous for using allegory and symbolism in his writings, and this technique is obvious in his short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown. † One major symbol of the story is Faith, Brown’s wife. Faith symbolizes Brown’s strong faith as he struggles between good and evil. In fact, with this very obvious representation, it can be interpreted that Faith is not a character but a mere physical representation of Brown’s own trust in God and belief in the goodness of mankind. Her name is no accident either as the author appropriately named her to show how the main protagonist’s morality regresses as the story progresses. The pink ribbon in Faith’s cap highlights this symbolism as it signifies the condition of Brown’s faith at that time. Pink is a combination of white (a sign purity) and red (a symbol of sin and corruption), which means that he is caught between good and evil and his faith is starting to waver. Faith, his wife, is Brown’s stronghold as he tries hard to resist evil around him. It is Faith who causes him to be hesitant on his journey in the first place. However, Brown’s confidence in his wife is seen as a mere representation of a deeper reality: Brown is not actually getting strength from his wife; but, rather, he is trying to convince himself that his faith in God is strong and he can resist evil. He knows that he is a sinner too, but he wants to uphold whatever goodness is left in him. His own faith, and not his wife, keeps him strong. He stands valiantly on his own disposition, but the truth that everyone, including him and his wife, is a sinner gives him a sense of hopelessness, which eventually weakens his faith. His wife’s joining the devil symbolizes the complete destruction of his faith. He is losing the battle, but he gives a last effort to save himself from the clutches of evil. Here again, Brown’s vehement urging to his wife to resist evil is actually his last effort to convince himself that his faith in God is intact. He is doing it not for the sake of his wife but for himself. However, it is too late; his faith finally dissolves and he gives in to the dark side.

Legal Systems

Rawls describes individual rights as, â€Å"rights representing the moral rights of individuals in society prior to government. Individual rights are principles that identify and sanction certain interactions between individuals in a society while excluding others,† (20) Different countries have different ways of guarding their citizens’ human rights. Governments that respect individual rights often provide for comprehensive controls that protect individual rights. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the body that deals with the rights of Canadian citizens. The Charter is law and is part of the Canadian constitution. Since the charter is law, the federal government can not easily make changes to it. It is also stronger than laws the provinces create. www.hrweb.org/. It guarantees freedoms called fundamental freedoms; freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of thought, belief and expression, including freedom of all media and other press. Freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association is also guaranteed. These are the basic freedoms that the Canadian citizens share. However, the Charter allows for the limit of these freedoms under certain circumstances like, restricting the freedom of assembly in time of war. To help a disadvantaged group achieve equality, it allows differential treatment. The Chatter is to be interpreted in way that preserves and enhances the multicultural heritage of Canadians. The United States constitution on human rights is very similar in content to the outlined Canadian individual rights apart from the some rights in the Canadian Charter can be overridden by governments if they deliberately do so. This is not the case with the United States Human rights laws which cannot even be even removed entirely by a constitutional amendment as they are considered unchallengeable under the natural rights principles the Constitution is founded upon. The United States human rights laws, unlike British laws are applicable to everyone in the country as a whole and are not subject to small state adherence. ‘Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein,’ (Rawls 25). Unlike the British Human Rights Constitution that is set within the United Kingdom, United States made a universal declaration of its human rights protection strategy. New Zealand, which is a former colony of Britain  in its human rights protection aims at developing harmonious relationships between individuals and achievement of equal employment opportunity.   New Zealand have accepted a very limited right to privacy on specific topics while primarily balancing privacy as one interest against security, commercial and political interests in fragmented legislation and tort law rulings, unlike   Britain, which has very complete rules on privacy rights of individuals. www.hrweb.org/ Britain has a very complete and elaborate system in handling human rights issues. It has an official   union that deals with human rights that is, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which has several protocols guarding human rights The protocols accepted vary from one state to another this is effective in reaching all targets as per their individual need. These protocols include laws prohibiting death penalty, protection against torture, protection against slavery and forced labor with the exception of prison labor and national services. To those protected by the convention of liberty and lawful arrest. Britain has also established a special court that deals with human rights violation, European Court of Human Rights, where the court decision is legally binding and the court awards damages. Inter-state rights violation cases can also be taken to this court for states that are party ton that protocol. This provides the individual with immunity against abuse and special hearing of cases. The protocol outlines the procedures of a fair trial. Religion, marriage and privacy are also covered in the British human rights laws. The protocols also prohibit discrimination of whatever kind. The amendment of the laws for human rights is also possible with the British system, unlike the American system where the law is protect under natural rights systems. The British laws are much more flexible to meet the needs of the time and change of priority. When protocols are introduced, they need to pass the universal ratification before they come into force in order to maintain the institutional unity of the Convention machinery. Despite the British human rights protection strategies being almost similar in content to the other countries, it is more elaborate and its administration being under its own special court makes it be independent of the general laws and normal courts jurisdiction. The application of the laws per state also gives the citizens a free choice when it comes to living by the set rules. Its amendments are also much more flexible to expansions and being managed by a special body and not politicians, it’s more effective in administration and management of issues. Work Cited Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Revised edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1999. â€Å"Human Rights†1st July, 2007.Worldwide Human Rights Network.25th May, 2007  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.hrweb.org/